Developing shared situational awareness for emergency management

To determine what is critical information for the CCRRS we divided the approach into critical information, i.e. the minimum SSA needs of the CCRRS, and action-triggering information, i.e. the minimum SA needs of an organization or actor.

Observations, Survey, Interview

Critical informationTo classify information, an improved versions of the classifications of information for SAR operation is used (Nissinen, 2009)Pg 4Communication-who with whom -the nature of the interaction, using four types of social context (informal/formal; face-to-face/virtual)

The material was collected in the SAR 2009

Process to train for, assess, practise and improve performance in an organization.
Note 1 to entry: Exercises can be used for validating policies, plans, procedures, training , equipment, and inter-organizational agreements; clarifying and training personnel in roles and responsibilities; improving inter­organizational coordination and communications; identifying gaps in resources; improving individual performance and identifying opportunities for improvement; and a controlled opportunity to practise improvisation.
Note 2 to entry: See also test.

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that took place in 2009 in the Helsinki metropolitan area in Finland; The Process to train for, assess, practise and improve performance in an organization. Note 1 to entry: Exercises can be used for validating policies, plans, procedures, training , equipment, and inter-organizational agreements; clarifying and training personnel in roles and responsibilities; improving inter­organizational coordination and communications; identifying gaps in resources; improving individual performance and identifying opportunities for improvement; and a controlled opportunity to practise improvisation. Note 2 to entry: See also test.

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is planned and carried out annually by the same group of organizations but with a changing

Pre-planned storyline that drives an exercise, as well as the stimuli used to achieve exercise project performance objectives.

DRIVER+ note 1: In the context of DRIVER+ scenarios are defined for Trials not for exercises.

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.

During search and rescue

Process to train for, assess, practise and improve performance in an organization.
Note 1 to entry: Exercises can be used for validating policies, plans, procedures, training , equipment, and inter-organizational agreements; clarifying and training personnel in roles and responsibilities; improving inter­organizational coordination and communications; identifying gaps in resources; improving individual performance and identifying opportunities for improvement; and a controlled opportunity to practise improvisation.
Note 2 to entry: See also test.

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held in the Helsinki metropolitan area in Finland in 2009, including both

Method of data collection in which the situation of interest is watched and the relevant facts, actions and behaviours are recorded.

DRIVER+ Note 1: Please consider also the notes in the original definition.

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and questionnaires

Goal:The purpose of our research was to identify the factors that affect the formation of shared situation awareness in search and rescue operations. Pg 1The hypothesis is that it is possible to find such SSA elements that help to split the development of SAR activities into more concrete and realizable phases. Pg 2Our first goal was to specify the critical information needs of the SAR operation on the operational level. In order to develop fluency in communication the different means of communication

Prerequisite identified as necessary to achieve an intended outcome, implied or stated.

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to be described. Our second goal was to describe how different actors communicate during an SAR operation. Our third goal was to study in more detail the role of trust in the SAR context. Trust has influence both on the quality and on the fluency of communication. The systematic development of trust is easier when we know the elements which trust comprises. The presumption in our research was that a certain amount of trust exists between actors. However, if trust could be increased the availability,reliability, and temporal accuracy of information could be improved. Pg 2

When collecting the critical information needs with questionnaires, we faced some challenges. The

Actions taken during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected.

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rate was only 25% and the responses were not as specific as we expected. This led to an extra comment round for subject matter experts. The definition of the critical information elements was especially challenging for the human agents. One reason might be that part of the SA is based on tacit knowledge and thus difficult to specify, even though actors knew what they

Prerequisite identified as necessary to achieve an intended outcome, implied or stated.

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. Other reason can be that the information sharing processes are not fully established. By specifying the critical information needs, we know what information elements Prerequisite identified as necessary to achieve an intended outcome, implied or stated.

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to be shared in minimum to perform the core tasks.The method of observing different types of communication andmodeling of the social contexts approved to be useful. It enablesthe

Method of data collection in which the situation of interest is watched and the relevant facts, actions and behaviours are recorded.

DRIVER+ Note 1: Please consider also the notes in the original definition.

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and graphical presentation of how actors communicate. It can also be used to improve communication processes to better support the SSA. A limitation in the method is that communication is modeled as static social contexts. Therefore, the communication is modeled as it occurs at a particular moment in the situation, even though the situation changes during the operation.Another limitation is that the activity level of the communicationprocesses is not shown in the social context model. Therefore, allsocial contexts seem to be equally important in the graphical model,which may cause misunderstandings.The Method of data collection in which the situation of interest is watched and the relevant facts, actions and behaviours are recorded. DRIVER+ Note 1: Please consider also the notes in the original definition.

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method that was used in this study is not sufficient to obtain a comprehensive and quantitative understanding about the level of trust in the cooperation. Therefore, it could be useful if human agents could themselves first evaluate the level of trust in each of those components. This

Process of estimating the effectiveness, efficiency, utility and relevance of a service or facility.

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could be done formally in the next SAR

Process to train for, assess, practise and improve performance in an organization.
Note 1 to entry: Exercises can be used for validating policies, plans, procedures, training , equipment, and inter-organizational agreements; clarifying and training personnel in roles and responsibilities; improving inter­organizational coordination and communications; identifying gaps in resources; improving individual performance and identifying opportunities for improvement; and a controlled opportunity to practise improvisation.
Note 2 to entry: See also test.

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.

Definition of the critical information, needs for cooperation, a method for describing the communication, and the components of system trust.•specify the critical information needs and action-triggering information,•describe how actors communicate, •outline the components of system trust in the SAR 2009 operation

identify the factors that affect the formation of shared situation awareness in search and rescue operations. 1. Goal was to specify the critical information needs of the SAR operation on the operational level 2.Goal was to describe how different actors communicate during an SAR operation 3.Goal was to study in more detail the role of trust in the SAR context