Striving to be resilient: What concepts, approaches and practices should be incorporated in resilience management guidelines?
Resilience management guidelines address disruptions, changes and opportunities, facilitate anticipation, adaptation, flexibility and provide a foundation for an effective crisis response. The objective and novelty of the study were to propose a holistic framework that enables to evaluate and prioritise concepts, approaches and practices that should be incorporated into European guidelines for resilience management. Based on a modified Delphi process, 51 items achieved a consensus of N80%. 84% of the items (n = 43) were ranked as important; 13.7% (n = 7) as essential; one ranked as somewhat important. The identified items encompass eleven categories as follows: 1) collaboration [11 items]; 2) planning [8 items]; 3) procedures [8 items]; 4) training [6 items]; 5) infrastructure [5 items]; 6) communication [3 items]; 7) governance [3 items]; 8) learning lessons [2 items]; 9) situation understanding (awareness) [1 item]; 10) resources [2 items]; and 11) evaluation [2 items]. The identified concepts, approaches and practices seemto be applicable to a wide range of domains and critical infrastructures, such as crisis management, air trafficmanagement and healthcare, due to their generic and abstract characteristics. Important in the Delphi process is the engagement of potential end users in the development of resilience management guidelines to align this development to their needs. Therefore, the Delphi process involved policy and decision-makers, as well as practitioners and other personnel representing different critical infrastructures and academia, in prioritising concepts aimed at achieving resilient organisations, entities or communities.
The concepts, approaches and practices were reviewed and, when deemed necessary, rephrased to ensure that each item provides a brief description of only one factor, is standalone, consolidated, generalisable as much as possible and consistent;( Data was later cleaned, presented, categorized.
The results (concepts, approaches and practices) of the literature review were converted into elements that can be evaluated by content experts through a five-step process (p41)
Level of consensus between rated items (higher than 80%)
In order to evaluate the concepts, approaches and practices and to decided which should be included into guidelines for resilience management a 2 cycle modified Delphi process was conducted.
Three different groups of people rated the selected elements, they were asked to express agreement/disagreement concerning the incorporation of the item into the resilience guideline.Level of consensus between the different raters was calculated.Level of agreement for an item to be incorporated in the guidelines was 80%.If in the first round 80% was not reached, a second round was performed.Also, the final level of importance was calculated for each item. The importance was defined by calculating the median distribution of ranking into one of the following levels: essential, important, somewhat important, not important.
Goal of research Identifying and consolidating a wide variety of concepts, approaches and practices for resilient management; and by evaluating their general applicability to be incorporated into guidelines for resilience management (p46).
Results are generalizable because a broad group of experts were included (different domains and different fields)Limitation – only two cycles were conductedDue to the generic and abstract nature of some of the concepts, approaches and practices we suggest that future work should involve additional concretization of the concepts and practices as input to the further development of resilience management guidelines.
56 concepts, approaches and practices have been identified and evaluated.42 items received a 80% or higher consensus in the first round. In the second round 3 items (of the remaining 14) were included in the second round.The items were divided in 11 categories. The four major categories that included the highest number of items were collaboration, planning, procedures and training.
Literature review and evaluation of the results ( SLR & Delphi method
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