Results

The flood information could improve efficiency of flood emergency management and could offer more help in risk indications. The research results provide a powerful tool to analyze flood risk rapidly and make schemes for the flood resisting.

‘The simulation results show that the mechanism of the emergency response process based on OODA theory is reasonable and feasible in emergency response simulation.’ (p. 539)

Definition of the critical information, needs for cooperation, a method for describing the communication, and the components of system trust.•specify the critical information needs and action-triggering information,•describe how actors communicate, •outline the components of system trust in the SAR 2009 operation

“The proposed framework makes use of agent-based modelling. Based on the Complexity Theory, it was argued that this formalism can explicitly account for the co-evolving phenomena encountered in evacuations, offering a formal way of modelling the triple interaction personnel-hazard-evacuees. In this fashion, more flexible, formative designs can be developed, implementing the constrained-based approach, which is in compliance with the complex nature of the phenomena that take place during an evacuation.” pp. 938“This framework was applied in a metro system, for the case of a flaming train stalled between two stations. The metro on Fire has been modelled as a Complex Adaptive System. By bringing the complexity of the system out, as the product of the co-evolution of Personnel-Fire-Group of Passengers, an agent-based simulator was developed. Using this simulator ,a formative evacuation plan consisting of a web of recommendations for the metro personnel’s actions was then developed. Such a plan is able to adapt to the dynamic changes during the evacuation process.” pp. 938

Users liked the interface, the information organization, and the system tutorial. The system resulted easy to use and with good functionalities integration ( specially for being a mashup system (integration of different sources of information and systems e.g. google maps, flickr, and so on). Users criticized the aesthetic of the interface which could be enhanced The system resulted partially instable when tested on different browsers (this can be due to the peculiarities of the technologies which are always not completely standard when rendered in different browsers).

Develop descriptions that characterize the context of work for area managersIdentified 25 individual information needs.Creation of a persona based on common participant characteristicsDevelop 25 scenarios of use designed to satisfy identified information needs. ( The design of the scenarios was guided by the persona description and a critical incident (snow storm context)

The proposed models are valuable for organizing supply and transport, and optimizing the transport process.

Advantages of using virtual worlds training were concluded to be: The exact layout and location of resources of specific EDs can be replicated.Trainees do not have to be present at the same location to play their avatar roles.Drills can be conducted at any time of day or night to accommodate trainees’ schedules.A variety of patient scenarios and conditions can be modeled to simulate individual patient cases or multiple victims in complex clinical situations.Dangerous and/or infrequently occurring situations can be presented.Scenarios can be run more than once during a short period of time, allowing trainees to learn from their mistakes.Trainees’ performance during the simulation can be captured for playback and assessment after the event

A simulation-based team-training course for multidisciplinary L&D clinicians was developed and now is a central component of a risk management loss prevention program.Formal training in communication and teamwork for L&D clinicians seems to be a plausible strategy for preventing or mitigating adverse perinatal events.

 The combination of the R&E methodology and the F-REX Studio has an explicit focus on context, communication, and multiple perspectives that is in several aspects pioneering.Practical implications, in the long run, include improved, more effective and high-quality emergency management operations alleviating consequences in terms of material damage and human suffering.