The application cases show that the DSS works adequately for different emergency situations providing a course of decisions in real time that permits responders to minimize the consequences of an accident while avoiding human failures and delays. Furthermore, the additional information about the severity of the emergency and the evacuation times permits decision -makers to obtain a wider overview of the situation and to optimize decisions that include the emergency services and other authorities.(Note from TNO: not tested with users, only through simulation. So I don’t know how they came to these conclusions)

They describe 4 principles for developing simulation based training.Principle 1: Establish the Team-based Competencies to be Assessed and Trained—The Learning Outcomes.Principle 2: Provide Opportunities for Guided Teamwork Practice—Carefully Craft ScenariosPrinciple 3: Measure Team Performance—Diagnose Teamwork Strengths and Weaknesses.Principle 4: Develop Robust Debriefing Protocols— Link Feedback to Learning Outcomes.Concerning team performance metrics:Generic teamwork skills:CATS- Communication and team skills – developed for healthcare professionalsSpecific: Description of a stepwise approach to develop specialty-specific team performance metrics (pg 1093, table 3).There is no one size fits all, criterion standard team performance metric in health care, but much research is being directed toward identifying those that are theoretically relevant and scientifically sound, capture competencies, focus on observable behaviors, and provide meaningful information that facilitates improved performance and outcomesHow well metrics currently in use assess team performancedepends on: 1) what is being measured and under what circumstances—during real clinical events or simulated scenarios; 2) instrument design and how well the tool captures the behavior in question; 3) the frequency of measurement; 4) the evaluator’s expertise in team performance and their understanding andfamiliarity with the instrument; and 5) the interpretation of the information gathered and the feedback providedto team members.SBT for leadershipHave clear teaching goals. Debriefing is importantCreating leadership scenario’s – SMARTER methodology provides a framework for scenario development.Include decisions in the scenarioTeamwork is dynamic and complex, requiring an evaluation strategy that is dynamic as well. While no criterion standard metric or measure exists, there is a solid methodology for developing tools designed to assessthe attributes sought.

The proposed simplified trend fusion algorithm showed acceptable results of classifying normal and abnormal cases adequately.This paper proposes integrated fault simulator that supports the analysis of abnormal situations where fault semantic networks are constructed that represent faults, symptoms, causes, consequences and counteractions for all possible abnormal or risk scenarios of the chemical and petrochemical plants.

“The proposed framework makes use of agent-based modelling. Based on the Complexity Theory, it was argued that this formalism can explicitly account for the co-evolving phenomena encountered in evacuations, offering a formal way of modelling the triple interaction personnel-hazard-evacuees. In this fashion, more flexible, formative designs can be developed, implementing the constrained-based approach, which is in compliance with the complex nature of the phenomena that take place during an evacuation.” pp. 938“This framework was applied in a metro system, for the case of a flaming train stalled between two stations. The metro on Fire has been modelled as a Complex Adaptive System. By bringing the complexity of the system out, as the product of the co-evolution of Personnel-Fire-Group of Passengers, an agent-based simulator was developed. Using this simulator ,a formative evacuation plan consisting of a web of recommendations for the metro personnel’s actions was then developed. Such a plan is able to adapt to the dynamic changes during the evacuation process.” pp. 938

Metrics and classification rules allow to identify several typologies of undesirable communication categories in MAS: overloader, overloaded and isolated agents.Engineers can improve the performance of the MAS by improving the communication design, being guided by the presented metrics.

In general, the results confirmed the findings from a previous study that a short, 3-hr interactive exercise is sufficient for improving physicians’ knowledge about bioterrorism preparedness. Many of the students found the exercise fun and eye opening. Some students were clearly frustrated. Unexpected student leaders emerged when faced with a novel set of challenges, including students who supported their classmates by simplifying access to the prereading material and one group that, during the exercise, answered its discussion questions by calling the administrator at the local medical center for real-time information.

Definition of the critical information, needs for cooperation, a method for describing the communication, and the components of system trust.•specify the critical information needs and action-triggering information,•describe how actors communicate, •outline the components of system trust in the SAR 2009 operation

The information requirements of actors can be identified by specifying the critical information needs. This supports the formation of SA and clarifies the information sharing processes. The critical information can later be used in the development of the COP of the CCRRS.Results can be used in the systematic development of SSA in SAR operations. Based on the results of this study we suggest that these methods have the potential for the further testing and development.

The dynamic ERFB offers an objective measure of performance andas a consequence, it is recommended that dynamic ERFBs be implemented into future offshore emergencyresponse assessment training.

Result of ontology evaluation approachesThey present an overview of ontology evaluation approaches (pg 1196). The review demonstrates that ‘there is no one approach which will perfectly fit all the objectives of ontology evaluation, hence it is often the case that a combination of the above or their variation is used.’ Pg1197. Based on this overview they selected two approaches for the evaluation of DO4MG. These are • Criteria-based evaluation; and• Application-based evaluation.Results of evaluation of ontologyAs part of the validation, we illustrated the application of the DO4MG for implementation of a cased-based reasoning decision support for medicalemergency management in mass gatherings.