Authors describe the way to combine different theories through following their technical research step by step. However, someone who understands the formulas of these theories should read the article for further information.

Step 1: Initial Validation by a panel of domain expertsStep 2: Case Application with an empirical case to show the utility of the data model in improving the existing interagency response information sharing practiceStep 3: Prototype System Test

We introduce CFST as a general model for the task allocation problem faced by ambulances and fire brigades in RCR and in disaster management at large. Thus, our model captures most task allocation problems that involve some form of temporal (i.e. deadline and time to complete a task) and spatial constraints (i.e. positions of agents and tasks) such as those existing in logistics planning or crew scheduling [7]. Given this, we define both optimal and approximate solutions for the problem. (ii) We develop a new DCOP formulation for the approximate solution to the CFST problem and solve it using a novel decentralized algorithm based on the state-of-the-art Max-Sum algorithm [8]. (iii) We show that our algorithm can complete 10% more tasks than the current best decentralized algorithm for this problem (on average) and requires up to 91% fewer messages and 99% less computation than the standard Max-Sum algorithm in order to converge to a solution.

The stochastic analysis performs multiple simulations and provides reliable results for evacuation times in less than 5s

1) proposes a scientifically based methodology for SBT design and evaluation, 2) reviews existing team performance metrics in health care along with recommendations, and 3) focuses on leadership as a target for SBT because it has a high likelihood to improve many team processes and ultimately performance

fault simulator in terms of activity models, system architecture, and proposed fault simulation mechanisms using qualitative and quantitative approaches.

The framework is demonstrated through an application in a metro system, for the case of a Xaming train stalled between two stations.“The framework adopts the Complex Adaptive Systems modelling approach, and proposes the agent-based simulation as cognitive tool for the team which designs the plans. “pp. 920“” The proposed methodological framework for the design of formative evacuation plans comprises five main stages and is presented schematically in Fig. 1.” Pp. 923The framework is demonstrated through an application in a metro system, for the case of a flaming train stalled between two stations.” Pp. 920“The method presented in the previous section has been applied to the Athens metro for the case of a tunnel Fire. The goal was to assess and improve the existing evacuation plans.” Pp. 928

Empirical case studies involving human actors interacting with the MAS: A customer agent needs to locate a suitable agent to perform a service on its behalf, and once located, it has to ask for it. Crisis management case study described by: García-Magariño et al. (2009)

The exercise was designed for use with multi-professional students: medical, public health, nursing, and veterinary students. The primary target audience was 2nd-year medical students who did not yet have extensive clinical experience.The scenario consisted of one confirmed HPAI fatality of a poultry science student and two other possible, non-confirmed student cases, with n.a. given about disease in birds. The scenario was deliberately ambiguous about whether the disease was natural or deliberately introduced. In addition to the clinical response, which is the usual focus of training for health professionals, this created the need for involvement of human and animal disease surveillance and disease containment measures, law enforcement investigation, and public information. The scenario was also tailored to the specific characteristics of the Texas A&M University community, which is the “patient” in this outbreak, including its rural setting and correspondingly limited local medical resources.Study questions and “injects” (the technical term for simulated events in an exercise) were developed to guide the students in problem solving and role playing in small groups. Role playing was the means chosen to encourage development of working relationships among health care students. It is one of the educational approaches that has proven effective in multidisciplinary health profession settings and has emerged as a preferred experiential method of learning. The list of recommended pre-readings was developed from written and electronic sources to provide an orientation to emergency management and incident command principles and background information on HPAI. Where possible, these were taken from the Web sites of lead agencies, such as the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to promote familiarity with the sites themselves and with other links from these sitesThe deviation: Because of an administrative misstep, the students did not receive the electronic reading list with embedded hyperlinks, and many of these links were lengthy and hard to enter manually. Thus, they had a much harder task to find the online  readings than was intended.

The material was collected in the SAR 2009 exercise that took place in 2009 in the Helsinki metropolitan area in Finland; The exercise is planned and carried out annually by the same group of organizations but with a changing scenario.