Through surveys and debriefing sessions.

Versatility in adapting a simulator to a wide range of learning objectives and scenarios is one of the inherent advantages of simulation. Having undergone a specific procedure with several simulated patients representing different stages of postoperative recovery to cover the entire spectrum of patients within a short period.

The core of the Emergo Train System1 (ETS) consists of a patient database with specific casualties and typical in-hospital patients that, together with specific staff and other types of resources involved in  emergency/disaster management, can be used to translate local prerequisites into the system. All ETS victims belong to a specific standardized injury category and each victim has a defined medical need within a certain period. The time taken for each measure is calculated according to a defined standard. If a patient’s specific need (e.g. airway intervention, pleural drainage, surgery or intensive care unit (ICU) assessment) is not met within the stipulated period, the patient risks an unfavourable outcome. This risk is expressed by the system as a risk for preventable death or a risk for preventable complications. Thus, at the end of a simulation exercise, it is possible to calculate and summarize patient outcome and relate the result to the treatment given and to other decisions made. The different injury categories have been developed in a consensus process with national experts within the fields of traumatology and disaster medicine and in accordance with evidence-based best practice of trauma care. The specific burn categories have been developed in consensus and collaboration with national burn experts in Australia and Sweden

Case 1: Remote work based on video transmission via satellite enabled experts called to Situation Centre to cooperate with rescue personnel on the dam and to remotely evaluate a risk of total collapse of the damage. The situation was presented to local authorities and decision about evacuation was taken.Case 2:  The field exercise has been conducted with civilians being trapped by flood and requesting evacuation. Space technologies have been merged with advanced ter- restrial solutions to provide the most efficient information environment supporting operation. Satellite navigation has been used to locate calls and to coordinate rescue activities. This has been enhanced by optical images from unmanned aerial vehicle and telemedical systems using GSM network.Case 3: the train transporting hazardous gas crashes with passenger train between stations, in the forest. Satellite navigation system is used to facilitate operations, including exchange of information between different services involved. EO archived images are used to provide information about the neighbourhood of the crash location. Tracking of first units arriving on the scene provides access information for all other forces. EO images present context information about the area.

From Guideline review

Three different groups of people rated the selected elements, they were asked to express agreement/disagreement concerning the incorporation of the item into the resilience guideline.Level of consensus between the different raters was calculated.Level of agreement for an item to be incorporated in the guidelines was 80%.If in the first round 80% was not reached, a second round was performed.Also, the final level of importance was calculated for each item. The importance was defined by calculating the median distribution of ranking into one of the following levels: essential, important, somewhat important, not important.

The key to efficient operations is not only the gathering of accurate information, but also its adequate presentation and dissemination that contributes to enhance a collective situational awareness.Especially during USAR operations, the collection and presentation of uncertain information from various sources is challenging. A Decision Support System called FRIEDAA has therefore been developed that additionally has the capability to fuse uncertain information about positive and negative results of search activities.

Studying local emergency management based on literatrure.In a nine-month period, we conducted eight semi-structured interviews with the coordinator of Centre Region and accompanied him at fourteen, emergency-related meetings in the community.The primary method of data collection was observation, which was recorded in field notes. Secondary sources of data collection included meeting documentsThe semistructured interviews focused on the emergency management coordinator’s approach to emergency management and his perception of the local activities in the community.

Participants were instructed that an avian influenza outbreak had occurred in the Pacific Northwest and that their task was to develop hypotheses for the source of the outbreak using the artifacts and tools they had been provided with. During the

Zielgerichtete Untersuchung eines Systems durch eine selektive Anpassung kontrollierbarer Bedingungen und Zuweisung von Ressourcen.

DRIVER+ Anmerkung 1:Beachten Sie auch bitte die Anmerkungen in der ursprünglichen Definition.
DRIVER+ Anmerkung 2: Im Zusammenhang von DRIVER+ werden Trials durchgeführt - und keine Experimente.

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, participants were asked to provide a talk-aloud (Ericsson and Simon 1993) verbal protocol to state what they were doing. Averbal protocol provides context for participant actions during the experiment to aid post-experiment coding analysis.

They collected data through interviews and official reports.