Our findings demonstrate that tabletop exercises are inadequate to expose operational and logistic gaps in disaster response

In addition, data resources such as Flickr, Facebook and Youtube as the feeder for OzCrisisTracker 2.0 will also take into account and the OzCT geotagger is expected to geotag such complex multimedia messages with some further development in analysing multimedia messageswe believe that presented semantic annotation of tweets in this research that utilizes existing and new ontologies, can be used for conceptual analysis of tweets content and will resolve the ambiguity of tweet locations to significantly improve the geotagger performance

the studied subjects were real disaster management personnel on duty, which limited the time to survey and interview them after the exerciselarge number of stakeholders usually involved in multi-agency disaster management environments makes it extremely difficult to reach a consensus on the measure

Translation from local languages to Amharic and then to English may have affected interpretation of the results to some extent.The results of this study may not be generalizable but may be transferable to similar setting

A limitation of this exercise is that although objective criteria for performance were developed and implemented for the simulation, the objectives were not formally evaluated by the participants.Sarpy, Warren, Kaplan, Bradley, andHowe (2005) recommend that participants’ learning be evaluated 3–6months following a simulation exercis

The validity of the models needs to be further scrutinized in larger venues than what was used for the experimentations.The role of the time pressure and urgency level that might cause high levels of fear and stress in extreme emergency scenarios had to be downplayed in this work

Heuristic evaluation is an inspection method, requiring experts in interactive technologies and usability.

the TAID tool needs connections to responders that allow it to monitor their communicationThe overall effect on crisis management depends on how relevance assessment is used in the work and communication processes and the extent to which in practice it improves availability of information.

class attendance was erratic, and no inventory of participant attendance was performedanswers to these question frequently were wrong in the post-testsince there are no validated instruments to assess knowledge of Disaster Medicine, it may be that the test simply is not valid for assessing knowledge

As emergency management departments continue to adopt and use social media, it will become increasingly important for both practitioners and academics to better understand this complex, ever-evolving communication tool.