Results

Description of development of activity-based models. (pg 26)Description of data and information gaps in these models (pg 32) e.g. weekly and seasonal variations; behavioral errors and variations.

They describe 4 principles for developing simulation based training.Principle 1: Establish the Team-based Competencies to be Assessed and Trained—The Learning Outcomes.Principle 2: Provide Opportunities for Guided Teamwork Practice—Carefully Craft ScenariosPrinciple 3: Measure Team Performance—Diagnose Teamwork Strengths and Weaknesses.Principle 4: Develop Robust Debriefing Protocols— Link Feedback to Learning Outcomes.Concerning team performance metrics:Generic teamwork skills:CATS- Communication and team skills – developed for healthcare professionalsSpecific: Description of a stepwise approach to develop specialty-specific team performance metrics (pg 1093, table 3).There is no one size fits all, criterion standard team performance metric in health care, but much research is being directed toward identifying those that are theoretically relevant and scientifically sound, capture competencies, focus on observable behaviors, and provide meaningful information that facilitates improved performance and outcomesHow well metrics currently in use assess team performancedepends on: 1) what is being measured and under what circumstances—during real clinical events or simulated scenarios; 2) instrument design and how well the tool captures the behavior in question; 3) the frequency of measurement; 4) the evaluator’s expertise in team performance and their understanding andfamiliarity with the instrument; and 5) the interpretation of the information gathered and the feedback providedto team members.SBT for leadershipHave clear teaching goals. Debriefing is importantCreating leadership scenario’s – SMARTER methodology provides a framework for scenario development.Include decisions in the scenarioTeamwork is dynamic and complex, requiring an evaluation strategy that is dynamic as well. While no criterion standard metric or measure exists, there is a solid methodology for developing tools designed to assessthe attributes sought.

Result of ontology evaluation approachesThey present an overview of ontology evaluation approaches (pg 1196). The review demonstrates that ‘there is no one approach which will perfectly fit all the objectives of ontology evaluation, hence it is often the case that a combination of the above or their variation is used.’ Pg1197. Based on this overview they selected two approaches for the evaluation of DO4MG. These are • Criteria-based evaluation; and• Application-based evaluation.Results of evaluation of ontologyAs part of the validation, we illustrated the application of the DO4MG for implementation of a cased-based reasoning decision support for medicalemergency management in mass gatherings.

CRIPS is suitable to fulfill the following requirements:CRIPS completes simulationsCRIPS makes an assessment of the current situationCRIPS puts the assessments on a broad basisCRIPS supports the decision makingCRIPS helps to prevent or to mitigate blackoutsCRIPS has an interface to alert systems

During the validation process, one method classified more than two out of three instances of the validation set correctly. The other two methods didn´t perform that well, one of them performing rather poorly.The results in the case study were also quite poor. As in the validation process, the predicted values were very far away from the real ones.

Pre-test:Most of the participants were agreed that all WORKPAD components are understandable and intuitive. 8 users agreed and 5 users partially agreed that the Task Management component helps them in performing different tasks in the case of an emergency.12 users said that it is comprehensive to perform a task by undertaking different steps. 10 users agreed that the instructions and the buttons are clearly formulated.10 users considered the chosen symbols as appropriate, while the one said it was very appropriate.Second usability test:Fully AgreePartially AgreePartially DisagreeDisagreeComponents are intuitive and easy to use31xXComponents run without any interruptions and crashes31xXScreen design is attractive22xXScreen text is easy to read22xXComponents are easy to navigate22xXWORKPAD supports in performing tasks in the case of an emergency31xX

The exercises increased the head nurses’ general self-efficacy but not their specific self-efficacy. After completing the first two exercises they also exhibited improved management skills as indicated by shorter time to treatment for both trauma and in-hospital patients.

31 studies provided evidence on how to enhance the usefulness of training. Results demonstrated the utility of drills and exercises to enhance decision-making capabilities and coordination across organizations, the benefit of cross-sector partnerships for successfully implementing training activities, and the value of integrating evaluation methods to support training improvement efforts. 36 studies provided evidence on how to improve timely communications. Results supported the use of communication strategies that address differences in access to information, knowledge, attitudes, and practices across segments of the population as well as evidence on specific communication barriers experienced by public health and health care personnel.48 studies provided evidence on how to create and sustain preparedness systems. Results included how to build social capital across organizations and citizens and how to develop sustainable and useful planning efforts that maintain flexibility and rely on available medical data.26 studies provided evidence on the usefulness of measurement efforts, such as community and organizational needs assessments, and new methods to learn from the response to critical incidents.This study demonstrates that, during the past 7 years, public health emergency preparedness system research has evolved from generic inquiry to the analysis of specific interventions with more empirical studies

The developed interactive simulation model in this study could provide a training interface between operators and a training instructor and guarantee the reality of the upset situation by process and accident simulations. The training results of each trainee can be compared and the associated analysis would affect the emergency response manual in detail and the controller design in an emergency shutdown logic.

The analysis showed that the transfer of methods to the crisis management sector can be adequately described using the framework.The analysis resulted in a process model, describing the transfer of methodological knowledge within the sectoral system of innovation framework.