The performance and functions of the system have been verified through simulator implementation and experimentation. The fire CFD data, in particular, contain data on toxic gases and heat, which have direct impacts on fire responses and rescue activities, and thus realistic visualization and experience of these data have helped further improve the effects of the fire training and provide useful knowledge to the inexperienced users.

GIS-aided spatial decision support systems represent an important role in emergency management. Emergency management needs accurate and quick information for dealing with an emergency in a timely and safe manner. Because of the fact that all phases in emergency management are graphically and spatially related to each other, an effective GIS-aided spatial decision support system has a greater role in these activities.

Description of development of activity-based models. (pg 26)Description of data and information gaps in these models (pg 32) e.g. weekly and seasonal variations; behavioral errors and variations.

The proposed model represents an easily implementable system to assist the emergency management agencies at city, state and federal levels to assess their specific capabilities in emergency preparedness and response related activities.The ERM represents a very valuable tool for each city office of emergency management to evaluate their unique response capabilities to natural disaster, as well as to perform sensitivity analysis on alternative solutions that could be implemented to improve their performance

A plant model and a controller model for a Networked Safe Service System in the case of disaster response management have been successfully defined, which paved a way towards the application of a rich set of the control systems technology to disaster response management.A simulation-operation hybrid adaptive response management approach has been proposed to operate the whole system.

Our study showed that the main performance measures(objectives), such as the mean user response time, imbalance of ambulance workloads, and the fraction of calls not serviced within a time limit could be improved by relocating the ambulance bases and simultaneously determining the district (atom) sizes of the system.

One of the contributions of this work is that it showcases the utility of microscopic traffic simulation for regional emergency preparedness and highlights opportunities and challenges related to the development of large scale microscopic simulation models. Moreover, the project finidngs can provide guidance to regional transportation officials and public safety qgencies toward implementing effective traffic management strategies in the event of an actual regional emergency.

Among first-level factors, logistics and quality assurance was ranked highest, followed by crisis management, information technology, and competitive ability in descending order.

Collaborative approach to emergency preparedness developed by Stewart-Evans et al. (2012) can be applied to all stages of incident response.Cross-border issues require specific attention from emergency responders and national governments.

Reliability and performance of a network of realistic size can be estimated with high accuracy in moderate computation time with the proposed Monte Carlo simulation method