Self-report questionnaire was administered to 606 JGSDF personnel one month after completing the disaster relief missionThis study was conducted as part of a mandatory self-report health survey for all JGSDF personnel engaged in this disaster relief activity; therefore, it was an on-therecord (i.e., non-anonymous) survey, and the response rate was 100%.

The authors reviewed and included the titles and abstracts of 1584 articles derived from MEDLINE, EMBASE and gray literature databases that focused on the organizational or financial aspects of public health emergency preparedness activities and were grounded on empirical studies. The authors included 156 articles and appraised the quality of the studies according to the study design.

Six public safety agencies, for a total of 30 individuals, were in attendance and participated in REACT. Participants completed the measures described here before the start ofthe training either via the web (Qualtrics) or by completing a paper survey packet.

Notes were collected in a digital log, sometimes complemented with video documentation, eg, of the AAR sessions. In addition, a focus group interview was held with five military observers who had been participating in the field during the exercise.

obtained 4,331 (82.8 %) valid responses

No real data used, but simulation with element values between -1 to 2.

Collection done through pilot interviews and validated interviews.

The study used a quantitative experimental method with a within-group design, in which participants’ self-efficacy was measured using questionnaires before and after partaking in the three simulated surge capacity scenarios. 13 head nurses participated in the study.

Semantic representation of building safety features, visibility graph  (for the specific technical characteristics and the architecture of the model please see the article)Defined rules: Rule #1 An agent can detect the navigational points that are within the line of sight at each simulation step. Rule #2 An agent chooses intermediate navigation points based on its navigation destinations and its knowledge of the building.Rule #3 An agent ‘‘memorizes’’ the traveled space to avoid backtracking.At the individual level, an agent has a physical profile, a level of familiarity with the building, and prior known exits of at least one that the agent enters. The physical profile includes attributes such as age, gender, body size, travel speed, and personal space.• At the group level, the attributes defined for social groups include a group leader (if any), the group intimacy level (e.g., high intimacy for a family group), the group-seeking property (describing agents’ willingness to search for missing members), and the group influence (describing the influence of a member to the others in the same group). The agents belonging to the same group share the same group attributes.• At the crowd level, an agent’s social position is defined by the social order that reflects the likelihood of the agent to exhibit deference behavior. The lower the social order, the higher the chance for theagent to defer decision to other agents when negotiating the next move. A special agent, such as authority figures and a safety personnel, may have assigned roles and is responsible for executing actions, such as sharing information and giving instructions.

Simulations are conducted to examine egress performance of a museum floor plan for three scenarios: (1) expected occupancy load during peak hours; (2) group behaviors among museum visitors; and (3) measures to reduce pre-evacuation delay.Based on the building layout of a museum shown in Figure 20, we conduct a series of tests to analyze the effects of group behaviors and delay times on the egress performance of the museum