Results

Our study showed that the main performance measures(objectives), such as the mean user response time, imbalance of ambulance workloads, and the fraction of calls not serviced within a time limit could be improved by relocating the ambulance bases and simultaneously determining the district (atom) sizes of the system.

Coordination within government, including communication to first responders responsible for evacuation and localized warnings, and communication to mass media who serve a critical function in public warning, can be achieved through the use of an SMS engine supplemented as necessary by an informative and robust website

The tool enables to identify the 'gap' between the given response to a specific inject and the expected response and to assign evaluations which can be translated in numerical assessment.

The findings from the t-test analysis show there is no significant difference in plans with or without mandates. Results also suggest the need for FEMA to further scrutinize and review the approval process criteria to reflect the inclusion of these identified elements before plans are approved. Such scrutiny could lead to improved plans and subsequently lead to a reduction of impacts of hazards.

This paper has argued for the community-oriented nature of emergency management planning work. It has described how multiple local agencies come together to prepare for and respond to emergencies.This focus on local agencies and citizen involvement, along with the fact that every emergency occurs in some locale, emphasizes our interest in community emergency management planning.The software architecture described in this paper offers both a design and a toolkit for implementing geocollaboration applications. The architecture allows for the design and development of a variety of geocollaboration software tools. This is particularly well suited for emergency management planning, which has different geocollaboration needs depending on the context. The software architecture allows us, as the researchers, to explore different geocollaboration interactions and features within a specific use context. It also allows the development of unique applications for multiple contexts.The software architecture, and the corresponding tool development, is also beneficial to community emergency management planning. Through the design and development of collaborative tools for emergency planning work practices, a collaborative, virtual environment for emergency management planning can form.Our geocollaborative architecture can also support the unique roles people play in emergency management and allow tools to be tailored to those specific purposes.

The main system functions include dynamic disaster

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analysis, timely dissemination of evacuation strategies to community residents, and real-time detection of environmental risk and evacuation support.The GIS-SM-DDSS gives collective action support for public evacuation in tsunami disasters. The Mobile-GIS provides realtime spatial visualization of tsunami risk and resources, the Emergency Operations Center analyzes the evacuation route to a safe area. The leaders are election based on the acquirable affinity information which reflects the relationships between candidates and their visited community. When the Internet is available, the Emergency Managers push the evacuation routes to local community leaders through the social media platform, Twitter, then tweet to their community citizens. When Internet is not available, the Opportunistic network – Coverage-based Probabilistic Forwarding in ad-hoc routing will work. The leaders will monitor and report environmental situations changing in real-time to guarantee the latest information update for the policy design. The public evacuates to assigned shelters that follow the detailed evacuation policies.

In this paper, we have modelled the RCR domain in terms of a CFST constraints. We then provided a DCOP formulation of the problem and showed how to solve it using the Max- Sum algorithm. On the basis of this, we then developed the novel F-Max-Sum algorithm that improves upon Max-Sum to deal with disruptions in its underlying factor graph more effectively. In so doing, we have provided the first full solution to the problem of decentralized coalition formation that pervades disaster management. Our solution is also one that is able to efficiently adapt to a dynamic environment.

The experiment demonstrates a powerful capacity of the produced interactive map symbol, and these symbols will contribute to the improvement of mapping efficiency and representation capability.

Simulation results show the effectiveness and feasibility of the model and algorithms presented in this paper. And, the methodology with appropriate modification is suitable for supporting decisions in assessing emergency route selection in other cases (fires, nuclear accidents).The use of the first heuristic algorithm is preferred to other routing optimization techniques because it allows for partitioning for the set of non-dominated solutions according to the results of QAR and individual

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criteria, which can provide reference for policymakers in the emergency decision-making process of evacuation. The use of the second heuristic algorithm is preferred to other dynamic optimization techniques because it allows for a fast calculation of optimal solutions during emergency situations.

This ontology-based approach can be generalized for analyzing the information flow about other domains of application changing the underlying knowledge base.Answer to SQ: The answer is an intelligent tool able to collect, analyze and extract relevant information for them