The study included 13 Iranian Registered Nurses (IRNs) with a bachelor’s degree in nursing who had at least 2 weeks’ experience as RNs during the Bam disaster in the earthquake location. None had any personal experiences in disaster conditions and most of them were male nurses. All of them had more than 12 years’ clinical nursing experiences in different hospitals’ wards. The mean ages of participants were 36 years (ranging from 34 to 56 years). They went to the earthquake location voluntarily following the call for help by the nursing office of the Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education during the early moments following the disaster.

Interdisciplinary role play, 1,5 day workshopThe University of Missouri assembled campuswide and national expertise to participate in an interdisciplinary workshop addressing the complexity of the bioterrorism problem, spanning teaching, research, response, mitigation, and public policyexpert discussions on topics critical to the response to a possible terrorism event and a 4-h tabletop exercise developed for the 28 participating studentsstudent teams shared their analysis and experience from the tabletop scenarios, and the expert panel provided feedback on their briefings.

The experiments are divided into four sections; the first demonstrating a proof of concept for the basic singular models, the second demonstrating a proof of concept for integrated models, the third demonstrating a proof of concept for the introduction of complications and the ability of the models to handle these complications, and the fourth measuring the performance of these models in larger scale environments, such as schools, malls, or even airports

A 45 km  45 km test bed of four radars has been installed in southwest Oklahoma and has been in operation since March 2006At the time of this study, 20 EMs worked in the testbed region. Eight of these EMs volunteered to participate in the study. Three OK-FIRST-trained EMs to the north of the region also volunteered.A severe weather decision-making questionnaire, consisting of 50 questions, was divided into five sections. Four sections involved the weather phases described in the initial descriptive decision-making model (Table 2) and one was for demographics. The weather phase sections probed weather product usage during a typical severe thunderstorm event for 13 information sources available to OK-FIRST program participants (first column in Table 1)A custom tool was developed to present timecoordinated radar images, NWS text products, and Geographical Information System (GIS) data from archived weather events in simulated real timeThe post-scenario questionnaire collected additional information regarding the weather assessments made and associated decisions that were (or may have been) made during the scenario. Participants responded with free-form text to address the use of different radar products, the value of GIS data, opinions on radar data display implications, and what decisions were reached during the scenario.The 11 volunteers participated in one of three scheduled sessions. For observation, at least one analyst was paired with each participant.

A mixed method approach underpins this study. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected through a self report questionnaire.The questionnaire incorporated five main areas of questioning; demographics, knowledge, awareness, previous  disaster response experience and roles of nurses in disasters.

The network preparation part includes three main stages: determination ofnode and links (step 1), creation of connector (supplementary) links (step 2), and determination of emergency trip sets (step 3). The optimization part includes: initialization (step 4) and development of the (three-objective) ETNDP model (step 5)

Consultation with 2 subject-matter experts and engineers of ELP-- 6 scenarios developed with emergencies ranging from weather challenges at the planned airport or on the current trajectory to aircraft maintenance issues.-- For each scenario, pilots were presented a list of diversion options

Devised questionnaire after having screened a list of standardized questionnaires available in the literature.

Seventy-eight trainees from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 18 cities in Hubei participated in the emergency preparedness training programme in 2005. Two participants did not complete their training and were not part of the evaluation (n ¼ 76). Trainers were selected based on their expertise in the field of public health emergency response, related training programmes and their involvement in continuous consultations on health service programmes, both  educational and promotional. Trainers came from the MOH, WHO, Chinese CDC, Health Department of Hubei Province, Fudan University, Wuhan University and Huazhong University of Science and Technology.

Victims: 112 simulated adult victims (medical students), 29% severe traumatic injuries, 10% Primarily chemical inhalation injuries, 7% combined traumatic and chemical injuries, 45% with minor injuries including psychological trauma, 9% non-salvageable. The victims were prepared for the exercise by donning appropriate attire and make-up. The students were given detailed instructions in a separate course regarding their roles as victims. Each student was given a set of dynamic casualty cards that were inserted in a transparent envelope and safely attached to a lanyard to be worn around the mock victim’s neck. Setting: A conventional explosive blast in a two-story building was simulated in Casalvolone, Italy. Patient distribution within the building by Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment. Student medical responders were assigned roles within the exercise that were commensurate with their previous experience.During the exercise, the local fire brigade, emergency medical services (EMS), police, and civil protection acted in their usual capacities. However, none of these agencies had been previously informed of the scenario.Triage: Before the exercise, patients were assigned ideal triage scores according to the START criteria.Treatment maneuvers. In the clinical scenario, patients received mandatory maneuvers of four different subtypes, performed by the medical responders, which would be necessary parts of patient treatment.Radio usage: Two radio channels were available for participant usage. The first channel was used for medical coordination and connected the on-site medical officer with the dispatch center, first responder, secondary triage officer, command post medical officer, and fire brigade. The second channel was used for evacuation and connected dispatch, the AMP commander, the fire brigade, and the supporting hospital and the ambulances.