Placement of disaster preparedness within the curriculum is important. Curriculum designers and administrators must think carefully about how and where to integrate this new content into existing curriculum.The prereading program was overly ambitious. Prereadings must be carefully selected, prioritized, and made easily accessible to optimize use of participants’ time.The students accurately assessed the weakness of 3 of the 15 facilitators. Few faculty members have deep knowledge of emergency preparedness, a system perspective of their communities, or familiarity with the various response functions.Some of the written comments reflect some students’ expectation that they should be fed information in lectures and told what, out of everything presented, they are required to know for an exam. The exercise was very uncomfortable for these students, as it was deliberately open-ended and required decision making with incomplete information.

When collecting the critical information needs with questionnaires, we faced some challenges. The response rate was only 25% and the responses were not as specific as we expected. This led to an extra comment round for subject matter experts. The definition of the critical information elements was especially challenging for the human agents. One reason might be that part of the SA is based on tacit knowledge and thus difficult to specify, even though actors knew what they need. Other reason can be that the information sharing processes are not fully established. By specifying the critical information needs, we know what information elements need to be shared in minimum to perform the core tasks.The method of observing different types of communication andmodeling of the social contexts approved to be useful. It enablesthe observation and graphical presentation of how actors communicate. It can also be used to improve communication processes to better support the SSA. A limitation in the method is that communication is modeled as static social contexts. Therefore, the communication is modeled as it occurs at a particular moment in the situation, even though the situation changes during the operation.Another limitation is that the activity level of the communicationprocesses is not shown in the social context model. Therefore, allsocial contexts seem to be equally important in the graphical model,which may cause misunderstandings.The observation method that was used in this study is not sufficient to obtain a comprehensive and quantitative understanding about the level of trust in the cooperation. Therefore, it could be useful if human agents could themselves first evaluate the level of trust in each of those components. This evaluation could be done formally in the next SAR exercise.

The response rate was only 25% and the responses were not as specific as we expectedThe definition of the critical information elements was especially challenging for the human agents

It is difficult to identify precisely which attributes of human performance are related to slower reaction times or final selections made during decision making tasks.need to address real-world constraints that are likely to be experienced in an installation control room.a larger sample size may be necessary to identify further changes in performance.

Despite an increasing number of ontologies, there is still no generic agreement on how they can be constructed in the most efficient way to facilitate better knowledge management and decision-making.its usefulness to increase the efficiency of communication between emergency medical personnel in mass gatherings.intend to target mobile applications and implement ontology-based decisions support for MEM in mass gatherings that can operate on mobile devices as extension to the proposed approach

Assessment of OR nurses’ technical skill is becoming a training priority. The present evidence suggests that the ICATS-N_ could be considered for use as an assessment/training tool for junior OR nurses.In future empirical work, it is essential to replicate the present findings with larger samples that should ideally be drawn from different institutions.

Small sample sizeInter-rater reliability could not be assesseddifferent properties of the tool are tested at different times in a sequential manner, not in one sequence.

use of convenience sampling may have weakened the generalization of the study.caution should be observed when interpreting or comparing the results with other countries.

The models, computational approaches and simulation system devised in this study are far from being a practical solution to address the problems of disaster spread and control in resource networks.The study has not been verified with reference to concrete disaster spread and rescue practice.

It will also contribute towards a better understanding of strategy development, as it is the patterning of strategic issue responses over time that underlies the strategy formulation process.