Large scale evacuation in urban areas

This

Difference between the existing capabilities of responders and what was actually needed for effective and timely response.

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covers two main issues:

• Identifying the number, location and special needs of people to be evacuated, that is impacted by incident-specific characteristics like the time of day, day of the week, population density and land-use zoning. The current methods to estimate populations that are affected by an incident (population density and crowd-counting models) are used after

  Unstable condition involving an impending abrupt or significant change that requires urgent attention and action to protect life, assets, property or the environment.
   

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  , and not able to provide information that is operationally relevant for

  Actions taken during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected.

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  , even though advances in intelligent video surveillance systems are making it easier to estimate crowd size in real time.
• Routing decision and traffic management: models to estimate congestion impacts or secondary crashes exist but rely on default general traffic assumptions (human behavior, road availability), which may differ during crisis. Incident-specific analytical tools to predict delay impacts, capacity reduction, the likelihood of secondary incidents are lacking.

References in the literature: Evacuation per seis not identified in the literature about gaps that has been analysed. However, interesting inputs are to be found regarding the ability to ascertain the number of people in a crisis area and to attend to the needs of vulnerable groups.